Projects

MAPUCHE LAND RIGHTS IN PATAGONIA

ISSUE AREAS: INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

DESCRIPTION

The Mapuche and Tehuelche are the original inhabitants of Argentina’s Patagonia region. Centuries of “conquest” killed thousands of Indigenous people, leaving only 120,000 Mapuche in Argentina. Those not killed have been displaced, particularly over the past several decades, as foreign nationals and corporations have purchased large plots of traditional Mapuche lands. In recent years, Mapuche communities have sought to recover these ancestral lands, in some cases through land occupation and in others through legal processes. State forces and private individuals have retaliated by stigmatizing, displacing, killing, and disappearing members of the Mapuche community.

The role of the university network

In January and March 2023, Wesleyan students and supervisors traveled to Patagonia to investigate the land and human rights situation of the Mapuche. The factfinding team interviewed Indigenous leaders, human rights attorneys, and officials, as well as victims and their family members. This spring, at Wesleyan, the students have begun drafting a report on the situation of Indigenous groups in Patagonia. The report will serve as an advocacy tool for Mapuche communities facing abuses and fighting to reclaim their traditional lands.

ABUSE OF HONDURAN DEPORTEES

Issue areas: Migrant Rights

Description

Over the past decade, Honduras has been plagued by violence, corruption, and political insecurity. The country has one of the highest homicide rates in the world and the second-highest femicide rate in Latin America. Impunity for human rights abuses, violent crime, and corruption has become the norm in the country. Hondurans at urgent risk of attacks, extortion, gang recruitment, or other forms of violence have migrated to the United States in search of safety only to be returned to Honduras, where they face the same conditions they initially fled or worse.

The role of the university network

The University Network for Human Rights, in collaboration with Yale Law School’s Lowenstein Human Rights Project, is investigating and producing a report on abuses against Hondurans deported from the United States. In 2022–2023, the Yale students conducted desk research, compiled a victim registry, and began to draft the report. Additionally, in February 2023, a student from Trinity College joined UNHR supervisors on a factfinding trip to Honduras, where they interviewed Hondurans who have experienced rights abuses after being sent back to the country.

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR MASSACRES IN SOUTH KOREA

ISSUE AREAS: MILITARISM & ARMED CONFLICT

DESCRIPTION

In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, South Korean authorities massacred and "disappeared" thousands of civilians to eradicate left-wing or communist political thought. In some instances, U.S. forces directly perpetrated these massacres; in others, U.S. forces tacitly approved and oversaw them. Almost without exception, the massacres were indiscriminate, lawless, and exceptionally cruel. These atrocities were not investigated or even discussed during decades of authoritarian rule, when speaking publicly about such issues would have been very dangerous. Only recently has a quiet discussion of these events begun to emerge, at a time when many in Korea prefer to look uncritically to the future without fully understanding the past.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

Wesleyan students traveled to South Korea in January and March 2023, splitting their time between Seoul, Daejeon, Sejong, Asan, and Jeju-do. Students interviewed activists, local historians, survivors, and family members of those killed. These survivors’ stories remain largely untold. The focus of this work is restorative and transitional justice nearly 70 years after the end of active hostilities in the Korean War.

This project is being carried out in partnership with the Law Clinics at Seoul National University School of Law. It seeks to help the survivors and their families reclaim their long-silenced voices. It will do so in the shadow of a fact finding report on transitional justice due to be released in late 2023 by the UN Special Rapporteur on Truth, Justice, and Reparation, following his 2022 country visit to South Korea. The project will make use of this advocacy moment to highlight not just the need for additional transitional justice measures to take place on the Korean Peninsula, but also the essential and direct role that the U.S. and other international allies played in the perpetration of these crimes.

CONTINUING ABUSES AGAINST ETHNIC ARMENIANS IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH

Issue Areas: Militarism & Armed Conflict

Description

On September 27, 2020, a 30-year “frozen conflict” over the disputed territory of Nagorno Karabakh erupted into 44 days of war between Armenia and Azerbaijan. While a peace agreement brokered by Russia formally ended the fighting on November 10, 2020, over two years on, human rights violations continue. At the same time, there has been almost no progress towards accountability for the extrajudicial killings, torture, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance and forced displacement that occurred during the war.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

Shortly after the war, students at Harvard, Yale, and Wesleyan joined forces under the supervision of the University Network for Human Rights to document the ongoing violations in Nagorno Karabakh. In March 2022, the University Network undertook a factfinding trip to Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh. Supervisors Thomas Becker and Tamar Hayrikyan led a group that included students from Wesleyan and Yale. Becker and a Harvard student conducted a follow-up trip in June. In March 2023, Becker and Hayrikyan led an additional follow-up trip with Wesleyan students and a Harvard Law student.

Our team found that, despite the presence of a Russian peace-keeping force deployed on the first day of the cease-fire, border populations continue to face physical attacks, harassment, and threats to life so severe that many ethnic Armenians have again been forced to flee their homes in search of safety.

As our team continues its investigation into post-war abuses, one thing remains clear: there can be no lasting peace while severe human rights abuses persist. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the international community must protect vulnerable populations. The parties involved in the conflict must cease abuses and ensure access to justice and reparations for victims of human rights violations, condemn abuses, and ensure access to justice and reparations for victims of human rights violations.

Read student reflections about their experience working on the project here and here.

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE DISAPPEARED? EXERCISING THE RIGHT TO TRUTH IN MEXICO

Over 100,000 people have disappeared in Mexico since records have been kept. The vast majority of the disappeared are never found. Families of victims rarely discover the truth about what happened to their loved ones. The wider context is one of near-total impunity: Officials at every level of government are either directly responsible, complicit, or unable/unwilling to investigate (see the University Network's report, Challenging Impunity in Mexico).

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

This year, in collaboration with the Yale Lowenstein Human Rights Project and students at UCLA, the University Network is laying the groundwork for a project that aims to advance the “right to the truth” for families and communities who are direct or indirect victims of disappearance, as well as those who live in fear of disappearance. In preparation for field research into disappearances, in which researchers will collect testimonies from victims and/or their families, students are conducting an exhaustive search of both English- and Spanish-language media to compile existing theories and accounts of the circumstances around disappearances. These include: where, when, and why individuals are taken; what happens to them while they are in captivity; who is responsible for their capture, captivity, and in many cases death; as well as the obstruction of investigations and access to justice.

LEGAL SAFEGUARDS FOR INDIGENOUS TORTURE VICTIM PATRICIA ARCE

ISSUE AREAS: INDIGENOUS RIGHTS

DESCRIPTION

Patricia Arce was the mayor of Vinto, a town in the Cochabamba region of Bolivia. Members of the parastate Cochala Youth Resistance (“Resistencia Juvenil Cochala” or “RJC”) torched the city hall and kidnapped Ms. Arce as she escaped. The insurrectionists dragged her through the streets, doused her with paint, cut her scalp, and tortured and sexually assaulted her. She was paraded through town for several hours until she was eventually handed over to the police.

When the de facto Áñez government took power a week later, the persecution against Ms. Arce continued. The government brought legal processes against her, accusing her of “self-kidnapping,” and they arrested her and her children. After international pressure, Arce was released, but the Áñez regime and the parastate RJC, with whom the government collaborated, continued to persecute her.

When democracy returned to Bolivia a year after her kidnapping, Ms. Arce was elected senator and named president of the justice commission in Bolivia.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

The University Network for Human Rights represents Ms. Arce before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (“the Commission”). UNHR has supervised Yale Law students to assist Ms. Arce in obtaining and maintaining precautionary measures, legal protections for those facing grave harms, from the Commission.

JUSTICE FOR INDIGENOUS LEADER LEONARD PELTIER

ISSUE AREAS: STATE REPRESSION; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS

DESCRIPTION

Indigenous rights activist Leonard Peltier is often considered to be the longest-serving political prisoner in the United States. Following a trial riddled with irregularities and misconduct, he was convicted of killing two FBI agents and sent to prison in 1977. Despite the United States government's openly stating that it cannot prove that Mr. Peltier committed the murders for which he was convicted, he remains in prison after nearly a half century. Those who have called for his release include renowned human rights activists and leaders such as Nelson Mandela, the Dalai Lama, Pope Francis, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and Mother Teresa, along with eight Nobel Peace Prize laureates, including Rigoberta Menchú.

Currently, Mr. Peltier is detained in a maximum-security penitentiary in Florida, where he has been denied adequate medical care for numerous potentially fatal medical conditions. The facility, which the U.S. Department of Justice found to be insufficiently staffed for the COVID-19 pandemic, has failed to protect its prisoners from the virus. Mr. Peltier’s delicate health situation worsened after he contracted COVID in the prison.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

The University Network for Human Rights, in collaboration with Yale Law School and Columbia Law School students, provided support in drafting a request for precautionary measures, which grant legal protections to those facing grave harms, to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on behalf of Mr. Peltier. Students have also begun drafting a petition to the Commission requesting his release, to be submitted later in 2023.

HOLDING HEADS OF STATE ACCOUNTABLE

issue areas: State repression; indigenous rights

DEscription

In October 2003, Bolivian state forces massacred Indigenous protesters and community members, killing dozens and injuring hundreds in what has become known as “Black October.” Following the killings, Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada and Minister of Defense Carlos Sánchez Berzaín fled to the United States. In 2007, nine relatives of victims brought a case, Mamani v. Sánchez de Lozada, before a U.S. court, against the two officials for their roles in the massacres. The University Network for Human Rights Legal and Policy Director, Thomas Becker, has represented the families since the beginning of the lawsuit.

In 2018, a jury found both officials liable for the extrajudicial killings of the plaintiffs’ family members. The landmark verdict marked the first-ever successful lawsuit in the United States against a former head of state. Following the jury’s decision, the defendants appealed the judgment against them. The case is currently before the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

Attorneys at University Network for Human Rights have represented the families since the beginning of the lawsuit. Following the jury’s decision, the defendants appealed the judgment against them. The case is currently before the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals. Over the past year, students from Yale Law School and Harvard Law School have worked under the supervision of University Network attorneys and other members of the legal team to prepare a brief for the Eleventh Circuit.

ABUSES IN WESTERN SAHARA

ISSUE AREAS: MILITARISM & ARMED CONFLICT; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS

DESCRIPTION

Western Sahara is often referred to as Africa’s last remaining colony. After nearly a century of colonization by Spain, Morocco occupied the territory in 1975, sparking a 25-year war with the territory’s inhabitants, the Sahrawis. During that period, the Moroccan government created the world’s largest landmine field, effectively splitting the territory in two and dividing the Sahrawi people into those living in the “occupied” territories and those living in the “liberated” territories. In 1991, the UN brokered a ceasefire and called for a referendum allowing Sahrawis to vote for independence. To facilitate the referendum, the United Nations deployed a peacekeeping mission, MINURSO.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

University Network has worked with local partners in Western Sahara to document the human rights situation in the country as well as analyze the effectiveness of the United Nations mission. Students from Yale University and Pomona College have participated in interviews with Saharawi victims, including family members of the disappeared and a torture survivor. 

FRACKED GAS IN NORTH BROOKLYN

ISSUE AREAs: ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE; corporate abuse

description

Corporate utility National Grid continues to expand fossil fuel infrastructure in New York City, despite widespread opposition from the public and elected officials. National Grid’s Metropolitan Reliability Infrastructure Project, also known as the North Brooklyn Pipeline, would transport fracked gas under seven miles of predominantly Black and brown communities, beginning in the neighborhood of Brownsville and ending at the Company’s Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facility in Greenpoint. This pipeline—the fifth and final phase of which remains to be constructed and is currently on hold—is part of a larger project by National Grid to expand fracked gas infrastructure in North Brooklyn and saddle its customers with the costs. The Company also seeks to install two new LNG vaporizers at the pipeline’s destination facility in Greenpoint—which is located in and near state-designated “Potential Environmental Justice Areas”—and transport LNG to the Greenpoint facility by truck. LNG trucking is currently banned in New York City due to the catastrophic dangers of a potential explosion of this highly volatile fossil fuel.

In November 2020, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) found that National Grid’s proposal to install two new LNG vaporizers at the Greenpoint facility would have no significant adverse environmental impacts and issued a “negative declaration” under the New York State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA). If allowed to stand, the negative declaration would halt the environmental review process and an Environmental Impact Statement for the project would not be required.

Moreover, National Grid is illegally proceeding with construction of an LNG Truck Load/Unload Station and other LNG trucking-related construction activities at the Greenpoint facility. Environmental review under SEQRA for these construction activities has been pending with the City of New York since 2016 and is not complete. SEQRA prohibits project sponsors from commencing construction or any other physical alteration until environmental review of a project is fully complete.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

The University Network has partnered closely with the Sane Energy Project, a Brooklyn-based grassroots organization working to hasten a just transition to renewable energy, to fight National Grid’s proposed fracked gas expansion in New York City. We have submitted three public comments opposing DEC’s negative declaration. Along with Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic, we are representing Sane Energy, Cooper Park Resident Council, and three individuals in an Article 78 legal challenge against DEC and National Grid in New York State Supreme Court. We are also representing Sane Energy and Cooper Park Resident Council in a hybrid Article 78 and declaratory judgment proceeding against the City of New York and National Grid to halt the Company’s illegal LNG trucking-related construction activities.

FIGHTING ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM IN LOUISIANA

ISSUE AREAs: environmental injustice; Corporate abuse

DESCRIPTION

In Louisiana, the area along the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge has long been known as “Cancer Alley.” More than 150 chemical plants and oil refineries dot this 85-mile stretch of land, where most communities are predominantly African-American and many residents attribute staggering levels of cancer and other illness to toxic air emissions from industry.

One such community is located in the Reserve/LaPlace area of St. John the Baptist Parish, adjacent to a neoprene plant owned by the Denka and DuPont corporations. In 2016, after learning from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that residents of the census tract closest to the Denka/DuPont plant face the highest risk in the country of developing cancer from air pollution, community members formed the Concerned Citizens of St. John the Baptist Parish organizing group. The Concerned Citizens continue to demand that the Denka/DuPont facility reduce its emissions of the toxic chemical chloroprene—an EPA-designated “likely human carcinogen”—to 0.2 micrograms per cubic meter, the maximum level of emissions that would keep the risk of cancer from air pollution within the EPA’s “upper limit of acceptability.”

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

After intensive collaboration with the Concerned Citizens group to determine the most effective course of action, a team of fourteen Stanford undergraduates traveled to the area of the Denka/DuPont chemical plant and implemented a household health survey over nine days. Students surveyed hundreds of households to document the cancer, respiratory, and other health effects of the facility. Over the course of the next year, research consultants and University Network staff analyzed the data collected in the health survey.

In July 2019, the University Network released a preliminary version of the health study along with an accompanying video and webpage featuring narratives from more than twenty area residents in their own words. In February 2021, the health study was published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Environmental Justice. The full manuscript can be accessed here.

EXPOSING THE U.S. ROLE IN THE SAUDI/UAE-LED AIR BOMBING CAMPAIGN IN YEMEN

ISSUE AREAs: Militarism & Armed Conflict

DESCRIPTION

Since March 2015, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have led a coalition of nine Arab countries in an aerial bombing campaign against Ansar Allah (Houthi) rebels in Yemen. The Saudi/UAE-led coalition has relied heavily on military and logistical support from western allies, including the United States. The bombing campaign has killed tens of thousands of civilians and devastated critical civilian infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, farms, roads, and bridges. A coalition-imposed naval blockade on major ports in Houthi-controlled areas has obstructed imports of vital food and medical supplies to Yemen. Today, the war-ravaged country faces a massive humanitarian crisis in which nearly 12 million people are on the verge of famine and 85,000 children may have died of hunger and preventable disease.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

In March 2019, Yemeni human rights organization Mwatana, the University Network, and Dutch peace organization PAX released a report documenting the role of U.S. and European weapons in Saudi/UAE-led coalition attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure in Yemen. University Network undergraduates have also created several advocacy tools to highlight the U.S. role in the conflict, including an interactive map of coalition airstrikes created with GIS mapping technology.

DEFENDING INDIGENOUS LAND RIGHTS IN INDIA

ISSUE AREAs: corporate abuse; environmental justice

DESCRIPTION

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a decades-long project of the Indian government and the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The project seeks to harness the waters of India’s fifth-longest river—the Narmada—for electricity generation and irrigation of farmland in the arid, western part of the country. While proponents of the dam have touted its potential for national economic development and poverty alleviation, the project’s benefits have been distributed unevenly, leaving marginalized communities to bear its costs. With the completion of the Sardar Sarovar Dam’s construction in 2017, thousands of families now await the destruction of their homes, lands, and livelihoods, many with no prospect of adequate compensation or rehabilitation.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

In partnership with Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), a grassroots organization based in Madhya Pradesh, the University Network released a report and accompanying video documenting the forced displacement and other human rights impacts of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on Adivasi (Indigenous tribal) communities living along the Narmada River. The report urges Indian government and dam authorities to prevent any further submergence of land until all dam-affected families are fully compensated for the loss of their lands and livelihoods, consistent with India’s domestic and international legal obligations.

University Network undergraduates also designed and developed an advocacy strategy for the project, focusing on multinational corporations that benefit from the dam. Using GIS technology, students mapped the locations of corporate facilities along the Narmada River to identify those that receive water from the dam reservoir; researched the corporate social responsibility policies and practices of these companies; and prepared letters to send the companies in conjunction with the report release.

CHALLENGING IMPUNITY IN MEXICO

ISSUE AREAs: State repression

DESCRIPTION

Mexico faces what the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has called a “severe human rights crisis,” marked by tens of thousands of forced disappearances and summary executions as well as widespread use of torture. Impunity for these abuses has been the norm; accountability, the rare exception.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

The University Network has been supporting the work of several institutions in Mexico to determine the causes of large-scale impunity for gross human rights violations, with a focus on the cooptation of state bodies by organized criminal elements.

Together with ITESO (with a team lead by Prof. Alejandro Anaya), University Network students have been working to identify the factors that undermine investigations and protections. The project will develop recommendations, including potential international involvement, to bolster efforts of Mexican authorities and civil society to end the country’s deadly cycle of impunity. A book-length study is forthcoming with ITESO’s academic press. ITESO is a member of AUSJAL, a network of leading Jesuit universities across Mexico, Central, and South America.

STATE VIOLENCE AND REPRESSION UNDER BOLIVIA’S INTERIM GOVERNMENT

ISSUE AREAs: State repression

DESCRIPTION

Following a disputed presidential election on October 20, 2019, Bolivia has endured a surge of human rights violations. On November 12, 2019, Jeanine Áñez Chavez became Bolivia’s interim president with the mandate of restoring peace and calling new elections. Under her administration, however, state-sponsored violence, restrictions on free speech, and arbitrary detentions have all contributed to a climate of fear and misinformation that has undermined the rule of law as well as the prospects of fair and open elections. 

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

Together with Harvard Law School’s International Human Rights Clinic, the University Network authored and released They Shot Us Like Animals. The report documents, among other violations, two state-sponsored massacres in Senkata and Sacaba, political persecution of opposition-party supporters, and paramilitary violence. The report has contributed significantly to debates in Bolivia and elsewhere regarding the country’s October presidential elections. University Network staff have presented the report’s findings before international bodies, including the MERCOSUR Parliament and the 45th General Session of the UN Human Rights Council.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CONNECTICUT

ISSUE AREAs: State repression

DESCRIPTION

The COVID pandemic has caused grave harm to those in Connecticut’s correctional centers and institutions. At the same time, due to decreasing revenues and increased vital expenditures during the crisis, the state faces one of the most severe budget deficits in decades. As Department of Correction (DOC) Commissioner Ángel Quiros has noted, jails and prisons will not be spared. As he recently said, “There will be facility closures in the upcoming budget years.”

This critical moment, however, comes with a silver lining: A simultaneous reduction in the prison population provides the state the chance to turn away from mass incarceration. Connecticut lawmakers must design policy for an incarcerated population that will be at its lowest level in decades.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

Together with the Institute for Municipal and Regional Policy, the University Network authored and released Connecticut at the Crossroads. This report provides a blueprint for Connecticut’s criminal justice system. We recommend that the state must prioritize reentry, vocational, and educational programs; revitalize its justice reinvestment framework; and create new structures to involve community stakeholders. Advocates from Connecticut have presented the report before the state’s general assembly, and the report served as a centerpiece for social justice events in the state.

FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN MOSSVILLE

ISSUE AREAS: ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE; CORPORATE ABUSE; DEPRIVATION OF LAND AND HOUSING

DESCRIPTION

Founded over 200 years ago by formerly enslaved people and their families, the community of Mossville, Louisiana is one of the earliest settlements of free Black people in the U.S. South. Since the 1940s, over a dozen industrial facilities—including a chemical complex owned by South African fossil fuel company Sasol—have steadily encroached on the community’s historic boundaries.

In 2012, Sasol announced plans to expand its existing complex by building two new facilities—an ethylene cracker and a gas-to-liquid plant—even closer to Mossville’s fenceline. The following year, Sasol launched a “Voluntary Property Purchase Program” for residents of two areas that bordered the expanded footprint of the chemical complex: A section of Mossville and the entire predominantly white neighborhood of Brentwood. Mossville and Brentwood residents were eligible to sell their properties to Sasol and relocate.

In the ensuing years, as the vast majority of Mossville residents participated in the program and relocated, Sasol framed the buyout as a “blessing” for Mossville and declared it “the most generous program in history.”

the role of the university network

In partnership with the Concerned Citizens of Mossville, the University Network investigated and released a report documenting (1) how Mossville residents experienced the Sasol buyout; (2) the potential role of race in determining relative buyout offers for Mossville residents and residents of predominantly white areas; (3) whether the buyout conformed with international guidelines and best practices for industrial buyouts; and (4) whether the buyout was, indeed, “the most generous in history.” Through qualitative analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with former Mossville residents who participated in the buyout program and relocated, we found that many Mossville residents experienced the buyout as forced displacement and suffered trauma and other psychological harm from their dislocation. Our quantitative analysis of property records revealed that property transaction values in predominantly white areas were over 80% higher than those in Mossville, strongly indicating that the buyout was racially discriminatory.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISPLACED PERSONS IN THE NORTHERN TRIANGLE

ISSUE AREAs: ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE; GLOBAL MIGRATION

DESCRIPTION

As droughts and other severe weather patterns intensify, climate change will continue to displace more communities across the globe. In the Northern Triangle, the effects of anthropogenic climate change have been particularly disruptive, hindering long-establishing agricultural practices and driving subsequent migration. At present, the United States’s migration scheme is not sensitive to the human rights abuses faced by those fleeing climate change-driven displacement.

THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY NETWORK

Partnering with the Harvard Law School’s Immigration and Refugee Clinic, the Harvard Law School’s Immigration Project, students from Yale Law School’s Environmental Law Association, and RAÍCES Texas, we have authored a report on these and related issues. We expect to release our findings in 2021.